LL-37 | Reference Standard

Human Cathelicidin Peptide for Innate Immunity, Inflammation & Tissue-Repair Research

Category:
Immunological & Inflammatory Signaling • Innate Immunity & Host Defense • Wound Healing & Angiogenesis

What Researchers Study

LL-37 is the only cathelicidin-derived host defense peptide naturally expressed in humans. It is produced by immune and epithelial cells—including neutrophils, keratinocytes, and mucosal tissues—and plays a central role in first-line innate immune defense.

Researchers study LL-37 not only for its direct antimicrobial activity, but also for its broader role in immune modulation, inflammatory signaling balance, and tissue repair coordination.

Primary Signal Pathways Studied

Research involving LL-37 focuses on its interaction with:

• Microbial membrane disruption, via cationic amphipathic binding

• Innate immune receptor signaling, including FPR2 (FPRL1) and TLR-associated pathways

• Cytokine modulation, influencing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 signaling

• Chemotaxis of immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and T-cells

• Angiogenic and epithelial repair signaling, supporting tissue regeneration

LL-37 is considered a pleiotropic regulator, linking pathogen defense with controlled inflammatory resolution.

Why This Peptide Is Studied

Traditional antimicrobial agents act primarily by killing pathogens, often without supporting host repair or immune balance. Conversely, immune suppressants can impair host defense.

LL-37 is studied because it allows researchers to:

• Examine endogenous antimicrobial defense mechanisms

• Explore how immune responses are initiated, directed, and resolved

• Investigate wound healing and angiogenesis alongside immune activation

• Study host-pathogen interactions without relying on classical antibiotics

This makes LL-37 a key research peptide in immunology, dermatology, infectious disease biology, and tissue engineering.

Research Areas of Interest

Innate Immunity & Host Defense

LL-37 is widely studied in models of bacterial, fungal, and viral exposure to understand endogenous antimicrobial mechanisms.

Inflammation & Immune Modulation

Research explores how LL-37 balances pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling, preventing excessive immune damage while maintaining defense.

Wound Healing & Angiogenesis

LL-37 is examined for its role in keratinocyte migration, fibroblast activation, endothelial cell proliferation, and vascular development.

Barrier & Epithelial Biology

Because LL-37 is expressed at epithelial surfaces, it is studied in skin, lung, and gastrointestinal barrier integrity research.

Selected Scientific References

• Turner et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy — Antimicrobial properties of LL-37

• Scott et al., Journal of Immunology — Immunomodulatory functions of LL-37

• Shaykhiev et al., American Journal of Physiology — Epithelial repair and wound closure

• Hancock et al., Nature Reviews Immunology — Host defense peptides and immune regulation

(References provided for educational context and literature navigation.)

Product Specifications

• Compound Name: LL-37 (Human Cathelicidin)

• CAS Number: 154947-66-7

• Molecular Formula: C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃

• Amino Acid Sequence: Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser

• Molecular Weight: 4,493.34 Da

• Purity: ≥98% (HPLC verified)

• Form: Lyophilized powder

• Appearance: White to off-white solid

• Storage: ≤ –20 °C, desiccated, protected from light

Batch Documentation & Traceability

Each vial is shipped with a lot-specific QR code that provides secure access to batch documentation, including:

• Certificate of Analysis (COA)
• Identity verification report (HPLC / MS)
• Lot number, potency, and expiration

Documentation is locked to the specific batch shipped to ensure traceability, version control, and research reproducibility.

QR access is provided with the physical product and is not reused across lots.

Research Use Disclaimer

This compound is supplied strictly for laboratory research purposes.
Not for human or veterinary consumption, diagnosis, or treatment.